Preparing to write
1　Introduction　3
2　Who is the reader?　4
3　Why di I need to write?　7
4　What shall I write?　9
5　How shall I write?　11
6　Writing process　14

Functions
7　Introduction　19
8　MAking reference　22
9　Polite phrases　24
10　Starting understanding　26
11　Generalising　28
12　Explaining　29
13　Giving opinions and recommendations　31
14　Expressing obligation/necessity　35
15　Expressing degrees of certainty　37
16　Focusing attention　41
17　Contrasting　42
18　Emphasising　44
19　Expressing alternatives　46
20　Giving examples　48
21　Offering further assistance　50
22　Sequencing and listing　52
23　Stating results and consequences　55
24　Stating purpose　57
25　Stating method　58
26　Stating conditions　60
27　Statibg conclusions　64
28　Summarising　66

Cohesion
29　What is cohesion?　71
30　Connectors:Introduction　74
31　Connectors:Adding relevant points　 75
32　Connectors:Comparisons/contrasts　77
33　Connectors:In conditional sentences　81
34　Connectors:Giving reasons　82
35　Connectors:Highlighting　84
36　Reference words: Introduction　86
37　Reference words: It/They/Then　87
38　Reference words: This/That/these/those　89
39　Reference words: The former/the latter　91
40　Reference words: Who/which/that　93
41　Reference words: One/ones　95
42　Reference words: Such　97
43　Referring to other parts of the text　98
44　Referring to earlier parts of the text　99
45　Referring forwards　101
46　Referring to visuals　103

Clarity,Style and Tone
47　Introduction　107
48　Clarity　108
49　Style　111
50　Tone　116

Strncture
51　Introduction　123
52　Sequencing ideas　124
53　Paragraphs　125
54　Paragraph linking　128
55　Headings and sub-headings　130
56　Layout of bussiness letters　133
57　Layout of reports　139
58　Layout of memos　150
59　Fax and Electronic mail　154

Punctuation
60　Introduction　159
61　Commas　160
62　Colons　165
63　Semi-colons　167
64　Apostrophes　169
65　Capital letters　173

British and American Spellings
66　Some common differences　179

Common Problems
67　Introduction　183
68　Grammar　184
68　Vocabulary　188

Sample Bussiness Letters
70　Sample letters　201